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This course will explore the scientific principles and processes forming the foundation of plant-based systems that provide food, fiber, beverage, environmental enhancement, medicine and art. Students will learn the language of plants and growing systems including the complex interactions among climate, soil, and human manipulation to meet our needs and desires. This course will challenge the notions of sustainable, organic, GMOs and how plants solve environmental problems. We consider the science behind plant growth, health, performance and their interactions with the environment. Successful completion of this course will prepare students for more advanced courses in the Plant Sciences curriculum.

The objective is to instill in students a lifelong appreciation for how gardening can enhance individual well-being through aesthetics, culinary experiences, and mastery of techniques. Emphasizes hands-on learning and practice of key gardening skills and techniques in the greenhouse and the field, such as landscape management, garden design, propagation, pruning, grafting, pest management, and flower arrangement.

This First-Year Writing Seminar is devoted to examining critical issues and ideas in the plant sciences by discussing texts on topics ranging from genetic modification of plants to sustainability to climate change and issues involving agricultural labor, among others. The scale of challenges in plant science provides a wide range of stimulating opportunities to think and write critically about the human condition and our impact on the world. Topics vary by semester.

Navigating the first year of college is a personal and professional challenge. This course provides opportunities for new students who major in Agricultural Sciences or Plant Sciences to acclimate, discover, and begin to thrive. You'll engage in self-discovery, make new connections, learn about fields of study and career options, develop a resume, and start an ePortfolio. Weekly workshops are combined with field visits, guests, and peer engagement.

An introductory course that examines plant diversity, function, and adaptation. Topics include an introduction to plant community structure, relationships between plants and other organisms, how plants cope in their environments, and plant-human interactions. This course is suitable for life sciences majors.

By most accounts, whether theological or scientific, light is fundamental for life. Throughout the living world, there are vital processes, such as photosynthesis and vision that are associated with light. Living organisms use the daily and seasonal changes in illumination to regulate their rhythms. However, too much of a good thing is not necessarily a good thing as too much light can result in photodamage. The extraordinary relationship between light and life provides an important unifying framework for understanding the luminescence of living organisms, the striking and flamboyant coloration of plants and animals as well as the inconspicuous nature of their camouflage in terms of physics, chemistry and biology. This course will enhance your understanding of the natural world through studying the relationships between light and life. This course is suitable for life sciences majors.

Plant-based evidence has been an important component in solving crimes for centuries. Modern techniques and facilities have made plant evidence more important and useful than ever, and there are some stunning examples of trials where plant evidence played a critical roles in the outcomes. We will blend criminal cases and plant science in this course. We will review important cases that have involved and even depended upon significant plant-based evidence. Along the way, students will learn, at the introductory level, the plant science needed to appreciate the importance of plant-based evidence in crime solving. An overriding but intrinsic theme will be how the scientific method is useful and integral to applying logic to a body of plant-based evidence in specific cases. This course is suitable for life sciences majors.

Small farms play a vital role in local food systems, rural economies, and sustainable agriculture. This course provides an interdisciplinary exploration of the opportunities and challenges of operative a small farm, with a focus on economic viability, environmental sustainability, and community engagement. Through weekly meetings, readings, discussions, and field trips to local farms, students will gain a foundational understanding of small-scale agricultural enterprises. They will explore farm business models, land access, production methods, marketing strategies, and policy influences. Hands-on work sessions will allow students to engage with real-word farming scenarios. This course is designed for students from any discipline who are curious about farming, food systems, or entrepreneurship. Whether considering a career in agriculture, food policy, or rural development, students will gain a well-rounded perspective on what it takes to start and sustain a small farm.

This course provides a comprehensive review of the modern food system from the green revolution to the industrialized model of today. It offers a critical perspective on existing paradigms and insights into alternative approaches for producing food security, environmental stewardship, and equity in an era of climate change. The course is taught by an interdisciplinary team of instructors who bring insights from both the biophysical and social sciences and will ask students to consider their food using a systems-thinking lens. This course is suitable for life sciences majors.

This course is an overview of basic plant structure and function. We will survey the basic cell types, tissues and organs that make up the plant body as related to the physiology (functions) of a plant. The goal is to provide a sound foundation in basic plant biology and preparation for higher-level coursework. The laboratory portion of this course is designed to review the material covered in lecture, as well as introduce students to the investigative nature of scientific research. Students will get experience in experimental design, scientific method, and analysis of data collected through experimentation. This course is suitable for life sciences majors.

The purpose of this course is to facilitate making connections between biology and chemistry at the time you are learning the chemistry. In reality, chemistry is essential to biology. Life is, after all, a specialized set of chemical reactions, highly diverse and complex to be sure, but chemical reactions nonetheless. Developing an understanding and appreciation of this critical connection between chemistry and plant science is the primary goal of this course. At the same time, we should all recognize that chemistry is a challenging subject for most students. Because the application of chemistry to concepts and problems in biology first requires one to understand the chemistry, the course will also place a significant emphasis on making sure students understand the basic chemistry as well.

Introduction to agronomy and agroecology and an exploration of environmental, economic, and social factors that influence agriculture. Students participate in interactive discussions about food systems and food security. Labs include field trips to a variety of field crop, vegetable, and dairy farms and experiential activities designed to enhance understanding of important themes in sustainable agriculture, including multifunctionality and resilience.

Presentation of the fungi and how they shape our civilizations and the natural world in which we live. Fungi play important roles in pressing issues in agriculture, food security, climate, disease, and environment. This class emphasizes the significance of fungi as decayers of organic matter, as pathogens and symbionts of plants and animals, as food, and as sources of mind-altering chemicals.

Presentation of the fungi and their roles in nature and in shaping past and present civilizations. Emphasizes the historical and practical significance of fungi as decayers of organic matter, as pathogens of plants and animals, as food, and as sources of mind-altering chemicals. Lectures and exams for this course are the same as those in PLSCI 2010. However, students in this course also participate in a weekly 55-minute discussion section where they grow mushrooms and other fungi in culture, learn about contemporary classification of fungi, see examples of major taxa growing on natural substrates, and determine whether suspect pathogens really can kill agricultural crops. Students also teach their peers about the fungus world with presentations of their own creation. This course is suitable for non-life sciences majors.

How does one understand nature if not by the power of careful observation? This course seeks to use natural history to inspire an interest in the natural world right here in the geologically fascinating Finger Lakes region. We will embark on an exploration of a variety of local habitats including old growth forests, secondary forests, swamps, old fields, hills, and gorges that the Finger Lakes region is known for. We will build foundational field methods skills including taking field notes, assessing species richness, observing ecological interactions, and collecting specimens for herbarium deposition. Finally, we will revisit our first field site in the last class to make observations about changing phenology and the potential of collecting timeseries data.

The class is intended to provide insight and exposure to the unique challenges associated with the changing dynamics and markets of fresh produce. It is targeted at students with an interest in plants and food in general to better understand how current and future changes affect the availability, diversity and access of foods including the influence on, and creation of new markets. The class will focus on real world issues addressing changes in production environments, aesthetics, markets, postharvest quality and consumer demands. Among the diverse challenges involved in addressing future needs include the changing consumer quality and aesthetic expectations, changing market dynamics, year-round consistency, nutrition, production, global markets and targeting of new controlled environment production approaches.

Plants have always played a key role in the history of life on Earth and have served as medicinal agents in all societies since prehistoric times. Medical Ethnobotany is the study of medicinal plants used by a group of people. Medicinal plants are either critical constituents of many modern drugs or provide templates for synthetic analogous molecules. In this course we will introduce and be acquainted with past and current plant-based natural remedies used across the globe, exploring their efficacy and mode of actions. We will analyze and compare how plants are employed in the different continents to heal (or alleviate) a plethora of pathological conditions, and explore how they affect our bodies (which organic system is affected, i.e., gastro-intestinal, central nervous or respiratory system). The course is designed for students with an interest in the natural world and in traditional medicine. This course is suitable for life sciences majors.

Principles of field-crop production of major crops used for food, feed, fiber and bioenergy. Includes introductory concepts of plant growth, development and maturation as they relate to crop performance and management, adaptation to soil, climatic and environmental conditions, tillage, mineral nutrition, pests, cropping sequences, management systems, and crop improvement. Grain, oilseed, biofuel and forage crops are emphasized. Laboratory includes field trips and demonstrations of the most important crop species, morphological and growth characteristics essential to environmental adaptation and response to management.

This class serves as an introduction to the principles of geographic information systems (GIS) and mapping to understand natural, social, and environmental issues at a range of scales. Students will develop competence and confidence at recognizing, interpreting, and applying spatially-informed thinking approaches via maps and mapping. Emphasis will be on accessing, processing, visualizing, and analyzing geospatial data for communication and decision making, including understanding the role of uncertainty in the use of digital spatial data and maps. Throughout the class, students will gain experience in structuring spatial problems, organizing and managing geospatial data, modeling and spatial analysis, and digital cartography. Students will use both desktop and online mapping software and applications.

In this course, students will acquire a broad understanding of plant diseases, plant pathogens and plant disease management. Primary literature will be used to examine the diverse aspects of plant pathology, including disease dynamics at the cellular, organismal, and population level, and how diverse biotic and abiotic factors can influence these dynamics.

Surveys fundamental plant genetics with a focus on applications in agriculture and plant sciences. Reviews and extends concepts from introductory biology for students with an interest in plants and their contributions to food, fiber, biofuels, ornamentals and ecology. Also preparation for advanced coursework in genetics for students considering graduate studies in a related field. Unique topics include polyploidy and organellar inheritance, pollination, seed saving and basic plant breeding. Companion lab exercises follow a generation of pea breeding and includes plant pollination techniques, DNA extraction and sequencing, molecular markers.

Surveys fundamental plant genetics with a focus on applications in agriculture and plant sciences. Reviews and extends concepts from introductory biology for students with an interest in plants and their contributions to food, fiber, biofuels, ornamentals and ecology. Also preparation for advanced coursework in genetics for students considering graduate studies in a related field. Unique topics include polyploidy and organellar inheritance, pollination, seed saving and basic plant breeding.

Plants are distributed across the globe in distinctive vegetation types, and have a close association with local and global climate. This course discusses factors determining vegetation structure, plant diversity, biodiversity hotspots, plant adaptations, human-plant interactions and climate change with an emphasis on ecological concepts, plant-climate interactions and plant adaptation at a very basic level. Intended for both Plant Sciences majors and students without a strong background in plant sciences. An associated field trip to Patagonia that was previously offered with this course is now offered as a separate course with credits in the spring semester.

An intensive three-week field course in Latin America over winter break (most years taken in Patagonia) studying local vegetation and flora and the relationship of vegetation to climate, geography and geology. In the field, students will receive lectures on the vegetation, learn to identify dominant plants, and undertake a directed set of vegetation transects that record species diversity and ecological parameters.

This is a reflective lecture course, following the winter session field course, PLSCI 2301. Students will write a reflection and give an oral presentation; assemble and analyze field data; and as a group, write a scientific report. In addition, the students will produce a report on the trip, detailing places visited and illustrating the trip with color images.

Focuses on helping individuals understand how scientific information relates to the issues they face as citizens, in management decision making, and in public policy. To what extent should genetic engineering of crop plants be permitted? Should we place limits on fossil fuel consumption as a means of limiting global warming and global climate change? Must human endeavors be restricted in certain areas to maintain diversity? The format of this course is interactive, with lectures and discussions about how we as a society deal with controversial issues. This course is suitable for life sciences majors.

Introduction to plant diversity, ecology, structure, and evolutionary adaptation, with an emphasis on land plants. Laboratory and lectures are integrated to provide hands-on skills and concepts. First and second weeks of laboratory are field trips, starting with the first full week of classes. This course is suitable for life sciences majors.

In this course, we will explore the fundamental principles of ecology and evolutionary biology from a plant perspective. We will introduce you to plant ecology at scales ranging from individual organisms, to populations, communities, and ecosystems. At each level, we will explore interactions between plants and their environments, with a focus on societally-relevant issues and the ecological theories needed to understand them. This course also provides a comprehensive overview of microevolution (evolution at or below the species level) and macroevolution (evolution above the species level) with an emphasis on plants as exemplars for understanding evolutionary theory and the interpretation of data pertaining to evolutionary patterns and processes.

This course explores the economic and agricultural importance of plants to people. Topics include the roles of plants as sources of food, shelter, fiber, and medicines, as well as the cultural and historical aspects of economic botany, and will instill an appreciation of our connection with plants. This course is suitable for non-life sciences majors.

An introduction to the goals and methods of plant systematics, and a survey of the diversity of vascular plants, including ferns, conifers, flowering plants, and related groups. Lectures cover plant reproduction and evolution, patterns of plant diversity, biogeography, and the methods used to analyze and interpret these patterns. The laboratory presents a survey of the diversity of vascular plants with a focus on major plant families, emphasizing groups that are prominent in natural habitats and in cultivation.

Biological subjects presented in Hollywood films. Lecture topics include the scientific method, Darwinism, development, paleobiology, animal cloning, genome sequencing, forensic DNA, artificial intelligence, eugenics, and epidemiology as background to discussions of their presentation in selected films. Themes: genetics/genomics; evolution; development; epidemiology; physical anthropology; and genetic engineering. This course is suitable for non-life sciences majors.

Designed for undergraduate and graduate students interested in a comprehensive introduction to Soil Science from both an environmental and management perspective as well as graduate students who wish to advanced their understanding of the biogeochemical (biologic, hydrologic and mineral interfaces and linkages underpinning and controlling the soil, plant and atmospheric continuum. This course examines the dynamic relationship of soils with the environment and will place particular focus on both the larger landscape as well as site specific implications of this relationship. The course is flipped with online lectures, in-class homework, projects and activities as well as a weekly laboratory and is presented in three components.

This course explores the elements of sustainable design, establishment and management of sports, golf and lawn turf. Focus on practical aspects through field tours, hand-on activities and real-world case studies.

Overview of agricultural machinery used in the production of field crops. Information is presented in a lecture and field laboratory format stressing hands-on equipment demonstrations and use, particularly of tractors. Tractor safety is emphasized during the initial three weeks of tractor instruction where the students practice learning to competently drive a tractor. Successful completion provides a broad understanding of agricultural machinery operation and design rationale.

Intended for students who are new to undergraduate research. Students enrolled in PLSCI 2990 may be reading scientific literature, learning research techniques, or assisting with ongoing research. The faculty supervisor determines the work goals and the form of the final report.

This course is an introduction to the identification, cultural requirements, and use of northern climate annual and perennial herbaceous plants in the landscape. Herbaceous plants are important parts of the landscape. They provide pollination resources and aid in habitat for fauna. In addition, they can add biodiversity and reduce stormwater runoff when used appropriately.

Introduction to the biology of the pathogens that cause plant diseases, and the diagnosis and management of plant diseases. Topics include the biology of bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, viruses, and nematodes; disease cycles; plant disease epidemiology; and the principles and practices of plant disease management. Intended for students who want a practical knowledge of plant diseases and their control, as well as for students preparing for advanced courses in plant pathology and plant-microbe biology.

Covers principles and practices of commercial hydroponic vegetable and herb production in controlled environment agriculture (CEA). Topics include: growing environments (high tunnels, greenhouses, and warehouse/vertical farms), manipulation of and crop response to the aerial and root-zone environments including estimating energy use in diverse growing environments, nutrient solution preparation and management, aquaponics and organic hydroponics, crop maintenance, production scheduling, integrated pest management, business plan development, and markets. Laboratory session will reinforce lectures through hands-on practice of concepts. Students will be responsible for growing several crops including leafy greens, herbs, and vine crops (such as tomatoes and cucumbers).

In seeking to understand issues and opportunities at the nexus of agriculture, sanitation, water, health and the natural and built environments, students will gain skills in systems thinking, participatory design and innovation towards systems change. Through individual and collective work, students will conduct general and specific systems analysis and construct systems models to identify opportunities to reduce carbon pollution, improve system health. Students will seek to learn from cases and literature from diverse national and international contexts. The Cornell campus will be considered a living laboratory for an inquiry into how organic resources flow through our facilities, and how waste flows might be utilized to produce energy, fertilizer, food, building materials and/or other valued products. Students will engage with local entities (facilities, organizations, farms and other enterprises) to gain specific information that will inform our analysis. Students will engage in hands-on work to learn about ways in which organic resources can be up-cycled.

Gain hands-on experience with tree establishment, nutrition, plant health care, diagnosing tree disorders, pruning techniques, tree worker safety and urban forestry.

Plants have been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years and a remarkable number of modern drugs have been isolated or derived from plants. In this course, we will explore the mechanisms of action and effects of injurious plants (e.g., poisons, causing allergic reactions), of medicinal plants found to have remedial properties, and discuss which body system(s) they affect (e.g., digestive, urinary), and psychoactive plants affecting the central nervous system (e.g., hallucinogens, stimulants). We will get familiar with the chemistry, pharmacology and efficacy demonstrated in clinical trials of the most used plant-derived drugs, and the mechanisms of the diseases targeted with these treatments. Furthermore, we will discuss the biosynthesis and distribution of plant secondary metabolites, the use of techniques in the isolation and structure elucidation of natural products, and of biological assays used in the discovery of chemicals with pharmacological activity, and the steps involved in drug production and approval.

This course examines components of the biology, ecology, and management of weeds in crop and non-crop ecosystems, particularly in the Northeastern United States. The first part of the course focuses on biological/ecological factors that govern seed dormancy, plant growth, population dynamics, competitiveness, reproduction, and survival. Close attention is given to accurate identification of plants and to characteristics that make weeds competitive, undesirable, or both. The second part of the course examines strategies to control weeds, including their benefits and drawbacks. Aspects of chemical control, including classification, mode of action, selectivity, symptomotology, and resistance, are presented. Herbicide-tolerant crop (i.e., GMO) issues and health and environmental concerns of herbicide use are addressed. The use of integrated approaches to weed management is emphasized.

Students learn to identify mushrooms and other macrofungi we collect on a series of six afternoon field trips to local forests. During evening labs, students practice identification skills, using keys and microscopes to observe and differentiate the diverse mushrooms we've collected. The course takes advantage of the peak Fall mushroom season in our region. Brief in-lab lectures introduce fungal diversity and the roles mushrooms play in Earth's ecosystems.

Students learn about agronomy and recent advances in sustainable soil and crop management, and gain a lot of practical farming knowledge. Integrated perspectives on the physical, biological, and chemical aspects of soil management in the broader context of agroecosystems are explored. Soil and crop management practices and resulting interactions between soil, water, organisms, and organic and chemical inputs form the basis for discussions on diverse cropping systems, soil health, water quality and quantity, bioenergy, greenhouse gases, and sustainability.

The science of tree-fruit production with an emphasis on the agroecology and physiology of regionally important species. Topics include: site selection; orchard design; clonal rootstock and variety selection; nursery production and grafting, tree pruning and training; flowering and pollination; crop load management; water, nutrient, and soil management; fruit ripening, maturity, and storage; marketing and profitability; integrated pest management; orchard mechanization; and sustainable production practices. Students will synthesize and apply knowledge from a broad range of life sciences within the context of perennial crop agroecosystems. Orchard field trips and lab sessions will provide practical, hands-on experience. This course is designed for students interested in commercial tree-fruit production and/or pomology research, hobby fruit growers, and professional IPM consultants.

Sections in this course prepare students for faculty-led winter-session travel courses offered through the School of Integrative Plant Science. Students spend seven class sessions in the fall focusing on a particular challenge in plant sciences, such as climate change and the spread of plant diseases, drought and viticulture, and the tension between biodiversity, species conservation and large-scale agriculture. Students then enroll in the complementary winter-session course and travel to a domestic or international locale where they engage with communities confronting and working to solve these challenges today.

In sections of this course, students travel with faculty to a domestic or international locale to experience first-hand the issues around a particular challenge in plant sciences, such as climate change and the spread of plant diseases, drought and viticulture, and the tension between biodiversity, species conservation and large-scale agriculture. Students engage with communities, collect and analyze data, and collaborate with peers in a final presentation at the end of the course.

In sections of this course, students learn about the issues around a particular challenge in plant sciences, such as climate change and the spread of plant diseases, drought and viticulture, and the tension between biodiversity, species conservation and large-scale agriculture, then travel with faculty to a domestic or international locale over Spring Break to experience those issues first-hand. Students engage with communities, collect and analyze data, and collaborate with peers in a final presentation at the end of the course.

Integrated and interdisciplinary study of the processes that contribute to the growth, competition, and reproduction of plants. Topics include, but are not limited to, plant-water relations, membrane properties and processes, photosynthesis, plant respiration, mineral and organic nutrition, stress physiology, control of growth and development, and responses to the environment. Emphasis is on the relationship between structure and function from the molecular to the whole-plant level.

Experiments exemplify concepts covered in PLSCI 3420 and offer experience in a variety of biological and biochemical techniques, from the cellular to whole plant level, with emphasis on experimental design.

Introduction to current studies involving recombinant DNA technology and its application to the improvement of plants. Emphasizes genetic transformation methodology, gene expression systems, and strategies for increasing productivity.

Companion to Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering of Plants course with laboratory activities that focus on the practice of plant biotechnology. Students construct transgenes using recombinant DNA methods, transfer genes to plants by a variety of approaches including tissue culture-based methods, assess the integration of transgenes in the host genome and analyze their expression by use of reporter gene assays and by preparing and analyzing nucleic acids. Students will also gain basic skills in bioinformatics.

This course provides a comprehensive overview of evolution with an emphasis on plants as excellent exemplars for understanding evolutionary theory and the interpretation of data pertaining to evolution. The topics will include population generics, developmental biology (including comparative embryology and anatomy), theories about speciation (including allopatric, sympatric, and peripatric models), the empirical study of speciation (examples include autopolyploidy, and allopolyploidy), macroevolution (including species selection, kin selection, and multilevel selection theory), the evolution of multicellularity, physical constraints on evolution, evolutionary ecology, and major evolutionary transitions as recorded in the fossil record.

Descriptive course with equal emphasis on development and mature structure. Lecture, laboratory, and reading are integrated in a study guide. The laboratory offers the opportunity to develop the practical skills required to make anatomical diagnoses and to write anatomical descriptions.

Study of the biological processes controlling physical and chemical changes in harvested yet living horticultural crops or their parts. Discusses the theoretical principles and fundamental processes underlying these changes. Also covers strategies and practical handling requirements/conditions for storage, transportation, and quality monitoring of harvested horticultural crops.

Commercial vegetable production from variety selection to postharvest. Topics include crop physiology and culture, soil and pest management, stand establishment, marketing, and history of production. Term project required. Field trips to large-scale conventional, small, diversified, and organic farms are planned early in the semester.

Discusses factors and processes of soil formation on which soil survey is based. Practices principles of field identification, classification, survey, and interpretation in a field setting. Provides an overview of soil databases, their content, development, and use for site evaluation and land classification.

This course provides an overview of the chemistry of the biosphere and biogeochemical processes that control the concentrations, fluxes, and bioavailability of essential elements and contaminants in soil, air, and water. Describes the history of environmental contamination by xenobiotics and heavy metals, with emphasis on behavior and properties of pollutants that pose the greatest risk to human and ecological health. The course content includes student-led discussion of relevant current events.

Organic farming is an increasingly important part of US agriculture and the food system. Students learn about the history of organic agriculture, the USDA National Organic Program, management practices used in organic crop and livestock production, and the scientific research on organic agriculture. Laboratory sessions complement lecture discussions with field trips to a variety of organic farms. Students read journal articles about organic agriculture, work through certification issues, and grow organic vegetable seedlings on campus.

Genetically modified (GM) crops have been a hot topic with controversy. One of the major concerns is on the GM crops' safety when served as our food or food ingredients. The objective of this one-credit course is to discuss the principles and nature of crop genetic engineering vs. conventional plant breeding, and to show case studies of genetically engineered food crops with emphases on how they are generated, how the nutritional values are improved, and how to detect or examine if one's food may be genetically engineered or may contain GM crop-derived ingredients. This is a middle-level course that emphasizes the science-based principles and practices. An understanding of the basic biological processes involved in GM crops-related food will help students to rationally deal with GMO food and related issues.

This course is geared towards graduate students and advanced biology undergraduates seeking a better understanding of computational biology. Lectures will be a combination of presentations, paper discussions and hands-on sessions. Labs and paper discussions will have a significant component of plant science, but students from non-plant fields are also encouraged to register. Students will learn to work in a Unix environment, code using Python/R, and deploy tools for genome assembly, RNA-seq data analysis, local and global sequence alignment, protein domain searching using Hidden Markov Models, phylogenetic reconstruction, metabolomic analysis, and machine learning. Lectures will cover the algorithmic concepts underlying popular tools. The students will also learn practical aspects of implementing these tools in their own research using facilities available at Cornell.

Plant propagation, the multiplication of plants, is both a science and an art. This class will introduce the principles, practices and techniques of sexual and asexual propagation of horticultural plants. Emphasis is placed on learning the techniques that are involved with the many aspects of plant propagation as well as the science behind the methods. The art of plant propagation will be learned through hands-on experiences with seed propagation, cutting propagation, grafting & budding systems, layering, specialized plant structures (bulbs, corms, etc.), and tissue culture for micropropagation. In addition, propagation media, greenhouse environmental control and management, and plant care, as they relate to propagation, will be emphasized. The science behind the methods that are learned will be explained in order to develop a better understanding of plant propagation and how to make it successful. This knowledge base and the practical, hands-on experiences will give students the ability to better solve problems that arise during the propagation and growth of plants.

Genetic enhancement of crop value to humans began with domestication and continues with farmers' variety development and scientifically trained plant breeders' applications of Mendelian, quantitative, and molecular genetics. This course examines crop genetic improvement methods by discussing the history and current practice of plant breeding, tools available to breeders, decision-making about breeding objectives and methods, and the roles of plant breeding in addressing global challenges including climate change, sustainability, equity, food security, and malnutrition.

Crop genetic diversity is critical for the sustainability, productivity, and resilience of agriculture and food systems. Crop diversity can be measured from the cellular to the landscape scale. Crop diversity relates not only to genetics, ecology, and agricultural management, but also policy, economics, ethics, and culture. This class explores these complex interactions and discusses tools used to evaluate, manage, and conserve crop diversity.

The nutrients in human diets are ultimately derived from plants. However, the edible portions of the world's most extensively grown staple food crops are poor sources for numerous micronutrients and health-promoting compounds that are essential for sustaining and enhancing life. The improvement of crop nutritional quality through breeding, termed biofortification, is a sustainable strategy being used to address micronutrient deficiences worldwide. This course covers recent progress on crop nutritional quality trait improvement. The lectures will focus on vitamins, minerals, prebiotics, phytonutrients, essential amino acids, and fatty acids in the context of better human nutrition and health.

Field trips to plant breeding programs involve discussion of breeding methods used, overall goals, selection and screening techniques, and variety and germplasm release. Additional labs include selection techniques for various traits, intellectual property issues, genetically modified crops, and international agriculture. For a term project, each student designs a comprehensive breeding program on a chosen crop.

Perennial crops are critical components of sustainable farming systems, and have many environmental benefits including increased biodiversity, water quality, soil conservation, carbon sequestration, productivity, and resilience. Due to the biology of these species, plant breeders seeking to develop perennial crop cultivars face a unique set of challenges and opportunities. This course examines a wide range of perennial crop breeding programs and discusses tools available to breeders, decision-making in perennial crop breeding programs, and opportunities for plant breeding to enhance sustainability and perenniality in cropping systems.

Abiotic stresses including drought, temperature extremes, flooding, salinity, and toxic metals limit crop productivity, particularly in developing countries where people are resource-poor and have limited options. Anticipated global climate changes are expected to exacerbate the impact of stresses even further. Therefore, knowledge of stress response mechanisms is urgently needed for developing novel molecular breeding and genomics approaches for generating plants and management systems that will improve performance in hostile environmental conditions. This course explores the molecular, physiological, developmental and morphological characteristics that plants use to adapt to environmental stresses. Emphases are placed on stresses associated with global climate change including drought, flooding, extreme temperatures, salt, and environmental pollution. The course will also discuss strategies for improving stress tolerance in crops.

Cover crops are not harvested, but rather they are planted to protect soil and provide other benefits. Use of cover crops has increased dramatically as more people understand their value. In this course, students will 1) explore the management, environmental, economic, and social considerations of cover crops across a diversity of agricultural production systems; 2) grow cover crops, measure benefits and trade-offs, and apply knowledge to make management and policy recommendations; and 3) interact with and learn from faculty and students across multiple states through virtual synchronous meetings.

With accelerating demands for food, feed, and fiber along with increasing recognition of the importance of agricultural systems to ecosystem services and rural livelihoods, the requirements of agricultural systems are simultaneously intensifying and diversifying. This course introduces foundational concepts that explain the distribution, productivity, and ecological impacts of the world's major cropping systems from an interdisciplinary perspective, including soils, climate and water, markets, policies, and institutions. Through systems thinking and process-based agronomy, an emphasis is placed on assessing solutions for resolving core challenges to the sustainable development goals in the context of global change. Students gain insights into sustainable intensification technologies as well as the social process that support innovation. Evidence synthesis through a geographically-anchored case study and active participation in class discussions are required.

This course will provide students with a solid foundation in quantitative genetics theory, as applied to the field of plant and animal breeding, introduce students to modern-day modeling approaches, simulation tools and applications of genomic selection. While the methodologies of plant and animal breeding are distinct in many ways, the core principles are the same, and this course will cover topics in a way that is inclusive of animal breeding applications.

Covers basics of establishing a greenhouse operation, growing crops in optimized environments, and serving niche or mass market. Discusses technology basics including structures and equipment, systems for heating and cooling, lighting, irrigating and fertilizing, material handling, environmental stewardship, integrated pest management, and production management. Also covers world centers of greenhouse crop production; culture of cut, pot, bedding, vegetable, and fruit crops in greenhouses, emphasizing predictive harvesting through environmental, physical, and chemical management of growth and development. Each student grows one or more crops.

This course introduces the fundamental principles and concepts necessary to carry out meaningful and appropriate geospatial applications using geographic information science (GIS), with a particular emphasis on characterizing, assessing, and understanding agronomic and environmental systems. The course covers key issues in GIS such as geographic coordinate systems, map projections, spatial analysis, use of remotely sensed data, visualization of spatial data, spatial statistics, and spatial modeling. Laboratory exercises include database query, database acquisition, spatial analysis and visualization to address issues in hydrology, ecology, agriculture, and sustainability. Students will gain proficiency with the leading open-source GIS platform, QGIS, and familiarity with commercial GIS software such as ArcGIS Pro.

A comparative analysis of the developmental-genetic mechanisms contributing to the evolution of plant morphological structure and diversity.

This course explores how global crop improvement processes and outcomes can address social inequalities from design to implementation and impact. It covers a broad range of topics, offering perspective on how systematic social inequalities shape whose priorities are served by crop improvement programs locally, and globally. Drawing from theory and methodology across diverse disciplines, this course encourages students to critically analyze mainstream crop improvement paradigms with an equity lens, and design more inclusive alternatives.

This course introduces advanced concepts of remote sensing and numerical modeling, with hands-on experience in data acquisition, processing, and interpretation. This course aims to explore key questions facing the agronomic and natural eco-systems using remote sensing techniques and ecological modeling at various scales. It provides hands-on experience in remote sensing techniques and using datasets/tools and model simulations to address research questions.

Fungi are one of the major lineages of eukaryotes and the sister group of animals. We will consider evolutionary relationships among different groups of fungi, their ecology and significance to humans. We will explore fungal lifestyles, their reproduction, and the ways that fungi use to communicate with each other and with their symbiotic partners. In addition to true fungi, we will study several distantly related groups of organisms that share with fungi absorptive nutrition, filamentous somatic structures, and spore-based reproduction. We will reconstruct fungal phylogenies using molecular evolution methods. We will also isolate fungi from the environment and identify them using morphological and molecular approaches.

Basic and advanced theory and methods of phylogenetic analysis. Introduces students to cladistic analysis using parsimony and gain experience with computer-aided analysis of taxonomic data, including both morphological and molecular data sources. Topics include applications of phylogenetic methods to biogeography and evolutionary studies.

Plants provide almost all essential minerals for humans and therefore plants are critical components of the human diet. Plant biologists address challenges of meeting the nutritional needs of the increasing world's population by studying plants' ability to uptake, translocate and accumulate mineral nutrients in edible tissues. By integrating basic plant biology with molecular breeding and genomics approaches, fundamental discoveries are utilized to have the greatest impact on solving biofortification of plant-based foods. This team-taught course explores the mechanisms of acquisition of mineral nutrients from the soil, translocation and accumulation in plant tissues, strategies to prevent mineral element deficiencies while avoiding their overload, and toxicity of noxious metals. Selected lectures focus on the relation between the nutrient status of plants and human nutrition and health.

Lectures integrate the principles of pest control, ecology, and economics in the management of pests across multiple systems. Labs consist of exercises to reinforce concepts presented in lecture and demonstrate pest monitoring techniques and the application of computer technology to management problems.

This class examines how urban plants affect public health (e.g., air pollution reduction, temperature regulation, etc.). We will also explore the causes and health consequences of variation in urban plant composition, environmental justice perspectives, the effects of policies and management approaches, and the impacts of climate change.

We will be studying the physiology of perennial fruit crop production with an emphasis on the biochemical and genetic mechanisms by which fruit crops function and interact with the environment. The class focuses on temperate fruit trees, grapevines, and small-fruits that are commercially grown in the Northeastern U.S., but other species will be highlighted on occasion. Topics include: flower development, pollination and fertilization, cold hardiness, fruit set and growth, plant growth regulators, carbon acquisition and partitioning, soil-root interactions, mineral nutrition, and water transport. Additionally, we will highlight critical challenges to fruit crop production, such as climate change and soil degradation. Course readings will largely come from journal articles. Students will lead and participate in discussions, write a review article, and learn how to evaluate scientific methods.

Study of the evolution, breeding history, and physiology of strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, blueberries, and other minor small fruit crops and of cultural practices that influence productivity, fruit quality, and pest damage. Also considers marketing and economics and discusses alternate production practices for both commercial and home gardeners. Frequent field trips enhance classroom activities.

Students learn the relationship between reality and the image using philosophy, mathematics, and physical theory. Next they apply these tools theoretically and in practice to understand and become experts at image formation and analysis using brightfield, darkfield, phasecontract, fluorescence, polarization, interference, differential interference, and modulation contrast microscopes. They build upon our knowledge and experience to understand how analog image processors and digital image processors can influence, enhance, and analyze the images gathered by the microscope. Last they learn about many other kinds of microscopes, including confocal, near field, x-ray, acoustic, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, centrifuge, atomic force, and scanning tunneling microscopes.

Uses evidence from microscopy, physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology to try to unravel the mystery of the living cell. Studies the dynamics of protoplasm, membranes, and the various organelles. The mechanisms of cell growth and division, the relationship of the cytoskeleton to cell shape and motility, the interaction of the cell with its environment, and the processes that give rise to multicellular differentiated plants are investigated.

Students learn the principles of mineral nutrient function in crop and landscape plants, are able to diagnose deficiencies by symptoms and tissue tests, and can devise organic and conventional nutrient management schemes that maximize productivity and mineral nutrient quality.

Focuses on biochemistry of plant specific processes, with the aim to obtain an integrative overview of plant biochemistry. Examples include processes such as cell wall biochemistry, pigment biosynthesis and degradation, secondary metabolism, senescence, defense mechanisms, amino acid biosynthesis, and small molecule transport. Genomics-based experimental tools such as proteomics and metabolomics are discussed.

Soil ecology is the study of soil organisms and their interactions with each other and with their environment. The outcomes of these interactions drive many soil processes, particularly the decomposition of organic matter and the cycling of important plant nutrient elements. Topics that will be covered in this course include the structure and function of the soil sub-system, soil as a habitat for microorganisms, the biology, ecology and diversity of soil organisms, physiological, biochemical and molecular methods for measuring microbial abundance, activity and diversity in soil, and the role of soil microbes in organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Readings include the textbook - Gentry et al. (2021) - and current research articles that will introduce students to ecological concepts and recent research methods in soil ecology. The optional laboratory section will focus on the effects of soil management on soil microbial communities using traditional and molecular methods for assessing the abundance, activity and diversity of soil organisms.

Building on knowledge of basic physico-chemical and microbial nutrient and carbon transformations in soil, we will examine the pathways of carbon and nutrients in ecosystems from the rhizosphere to the landscape level. An important aspect will be the understanding of environmental impacts by agriculture, forestry and agroforestry and the development of sustainable landus systems. We will explore various tracer methods for the study of carbon and nutrient cycling including stable and radio-isotopes as well as rare elements and biomarkers. You will expand you knowledge in discussion groups and through presentations and work in-depth on a project which involves both field and laboratory experimentation. The results of the project will be presented in a poster conference.

Analysis of the ecological processes operating in agricultural systems, with an emphasis on understanding relationships between agroecosystem structure and function and interactions among organisms. Examines agroecological theory and research through readings and discussions. The first part of this course emphasizes understanding biogeochemical processes, population and community ecology with emphasis on plant-herbivore and plant-microbial interactions, and evolutionary processes in agroecosystems. The latter part focuses on the application of ecological knowledge to the design and management of multifunctional agroecosystems and comparative analysis of frameworks used to assess sustainability. Field trips to local farms and case studies from both the tropics and the temperate zone are used to illustrate important concepts.

This class is for students who are interested in receiving an overview of interpretive planning. Interpretation is a mission-based communication process that forges emotional and intellectual connections between the interests of the audience and meanings inherent in the resource. This theory-driven process can be applied to a wide variety of opportunities to communicate to the public. Professionals who apply this communication process develop interpretive materials for museums, science centers, historic sites, zoos, aquaria, botanic gardens, national and state parks and other cultural attractions. In this course, students will collaborate with staff at Cornell Botanic Gardens to create interpretive media including but not limited to signage, exhibits, written material, or self-guided tours.

This course is designed to guide Plant Sciences and Agricultural Sciences majors in developing career goals around an out-of-classroom experience, in reflecting on that experience, and in recording that experience. To that end, students will draw up a set of learning outcomes for a plant or agriculture-related internship, research opportunity or extension experience, which must be approved by the course advisor before the experience begins. The student must then develop a critical reflection on that experience.

The purpose of this course is to demonstrate that Plant Sciences students will have met all learning outcomes in the major prior to graduation by documenting relevant in-class and co-curricular activities. Preparatory work will include observing and learning from a diversity of presentations in preparation for taking PLSCI 4950. The basis for evaluation will be an ePortfolio that the student develops. It will contain the following elements: a personal profile, career goals and exploration, leadership experiences, a current resume, examples of how the learning outcomes for the major have been met, and summaries of 14 plant-related seminars that the student has attended while at Cornell. The evaluation and assignment of a grade will be made by the student's advisor using a common rubric across the major. Ideally, students will enroll in this course in the second-to-last semester so any deficiencies can be addressed prior to graduation.

The School of Integrative Plant Science teaches trial courses under this number. Offerings may vary by semester and will be advertised before the semester begins. Courses offered under the number will be approved by the Plant Sciences curriculum committee, and the same course is not offered more than twice under this number.

Students in the Plant Sciences major are required to complete a research experience, extramural internship or extension experience. It is critical for students to be able to explain their work to both scientific audiences and the general public. This course will walk students through the steps needed to produce a quality presentation for each audience, and students will practice giving these presentations. The presentations will be based on research or extension experiences the students have had as part of their Plant Sciences degree program. The course will culminate in an end-of-semester symposium in which students present their experience in a 10-minute talk.

In this experiential learning opportunity, students participate in an agricultural- or plant science-related work and learning experience equivalent to a minimum of six weeks of full-time effort.

An opportunity for undergraduate individual study of a special topic in plant sciences under the direction of a faculty member.

Being a club officer or a peer mentor is an opportunity to learn about leadership and collaboration, as well as communication and the challenges of balancing diverse responsibilities. Preparation in this arena can serve a student for life, from learning how to engage in the workplace to being involved in community organizations and learning responsibilities ranging from conflict management to serving as a fiscal steward. Opportunities for leadership development and growth will vary; in general, they include learning how to: foster inclusiveness and a healthy, positive social atmosphere among members and peers; respond to student concerns; communicate and collaborate effectively with staff, faculty advisors, and other faculty, staff, administrators and students; reflect on and articulate experiences with other mentors or club officers throughout the semester; and maintain the reputation, continuity and history of a Cornell organization.

Designed to give qualified undergraduate students teaching experience through actual involvement in planning and teaching plant sciences courses under the supervision of SIPS faculty members. May include leading discussion sections; preparing, assisting in, or teaching laboratories; and tutoring.

Affords opportunities for students to carry out independent research under appropriate supervision. Each student is expected to review pertinent literature, prepare a project outline, conduct the research, and prepare a report.

This course is an introduction to the identification, cultural requirements, and use of northern climate annual and perennial herbaceous plants in the landscape. Herbaceous plants are important parts of the landscape. They provide pollination resources and aid in habitat for fauna. In addition, they can add biodiversity and reduce stormwater runoff when used appropriately.

Biology and Management of Plant Diseases is an introduction to the world of diseases of plants and the biology of the pathogens that cause them. Students will gain an understanding of the concepts of plant pathology and apply them both philosophically and practically to achieve an understanding of how one would identify and address disease problems. Additional emphasis will be placed on how plant diseases and their management affect our lives and shape our culture.

Systems Epidemiology for Plant Pathology offers an expansion of plant pathology concepts into quantitative epidemiology and population biology. The course is taught as two inter-related seven-week modules. The epidemiology module explores the concepts of disease and crop loss and social, economic, and ecological consequences. Students will gain underpinning theory and hands-on experience with measuring disease, crop loss modeling, spatial and temporal attributes of epidemics. The population biology module focuses on biological processes that affect plant pathogen populations and communities in natural and agronomic settings, and how these processes affect disease development and control. These concepts include, but are not limited to, pathogen and virulence diversity, host-pathogen interaction at the population level, selection pressure, super-races, pathogen sexual vs. clonal reproduction, invasive species, quorum-sensing, etc. Although this course is organized into two modules, the over-arching theme of a systems approach will intertwine through all material.

Covers principles and practices of commercial hydroponic vegetable and herb production in controlled environment agriculture (CEA). Topics include: growing environments (high tunnels, greenhouses, and warehouse/vertical farms), manipulation of and crop response to the aerial and root-zone environments including estimating energy use in diverse growing environments, nutrient solution preparation and management, aquaponics and organic hydroponics, crop maintenance, production scheduling, integrated pest management, business plan development, and markets. Laboratory session will reinforce lectures through hands-on practice of concepts. Students will be responsible for growing several crops including leafy greens, herbs, and vine crops (such as tomatoes and cucumbers).

Cannabis sativa is a psychoactive plant used for medical or recreational purposes. Its primary psychoactive component, THC, is one of the >400 known compounds, including at least 65 cannabinoids. CBD, the other major compound, is currently studied for its potential in a variety of medical disorders (e.g., treatment of anxiety, seizure, loss of appetite, chronic pain, etc.). In this course, we will learn past and current uses of cannabis in different cultures. We will become familiar with the chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, mode of action and safety of cannabis. Furthermore, we will review the biosynthesis and distribution of plant secondary metabolites, the techniques used in their isolation and structure elucidation, the value of biological assays, and the steps involved in drug production and approval.

This course is designed primarily for students in the first semester of their MPS program in Integrative Plant Science. The intent is to guide these students in their path of career discovery by exploring their strengths, preferences and perspectives on their work in the world. Strategies will be introduced and practiced that will help students become a better team-member and leader. A component of the course will be assistance with the development of a capstone project.

Principles of field-crop production of food, feed, fiber and bioenergy. Includes introductory concepts of plant growth, development and maturation as they relate to crop performance and management, adaptation to soil, climatic and environmental conditions, tillage, mineral nutrition, pests, cropping sequences, management systems, and crop improvement. Grain, oilseed, biofuel and forage crops are emphasized. Lab report and term paper on field crop systems required. Designed for professional students or advanced undergraduates.

With accelerating demands for food, feed, and fiber along with increasing recognition of the importance of agricultural systems to ecosystem services and rural livelihoods, the requirements of agricultural systems are simultaneously intensifying and diversifying. This course introduces foundational concepts that explain the distribution, productivity, and ecological impacts of the world's major cropping systems from an interdisciplinary perspective, including soils, climate and water, markets, policies, and institutions. Through systems thinking and process-based agronomy, an emphasis is placed on assessing solutions for resolving core challenges to the sustainable development goals in the context of global change. Students gain insights into sustainable intensification technologies as well as the social process that support innovation. Evidence synthesis through a geographically-anchored case study and active participation in class discussions are required.

This course examines components of the biology, ecology, and management of weeds in crop and non-crop ecosystems, particularly in the Northeastern United States. The first part of the course focuses on biological/ecological factors that govern seed dormancy, plant growth, population dynamics, competitiveness, reproduction, and survival. Close attention is given to accurate identification of plants and to characteristics that make weeds competitive, undesirable, or both. The second part of the course examines strategies to control weeds, including their benefits and drawbacks. Aspects of chemical control, including classification, mode of action, selectivity, symptomotology, and resistance, are presented. Herbicide-tolerant crop (i.e., GMO) issues and health and environmental concerns of herbicide use are addressed. The use of integrated approaches to weed management is emphasized.

Covers basics of establishing a greenhouse operation, growing crops in optimized environments, and serving niche or mass market. Discusses technology basics including structures and equipment, systems for heating and cooling, lighting, irrigating and fertilizing, material handling, environmental stewardship, integrated pest management, and production management. Also covers world centers of greenhouse crop production; culture of cut, pot, bedding, vegetable, and fruit crops in greenhouses, emphasizing predictive harvesting through environmental, physical, and chemical management of growth and development. Each student grows one or more crops.

This course introduces the fundamental principles and concepts necessary to carry out meaningful and appropriate geospatial applications using geographic information science (GIS), with a particular emphasis on characterizing, assessing, and understanding agronomic and environmental systems. The course covers key issues in GIS such as geographic coordinate systems, map projections, spatial analysis, use of remotely sensed data, visualization of spatial data, spatial statistics, and spatial modeling. Laboratory exercises include database query, database acquisition, spatial analysis and visualization to address issues in hydrology, ecology, agriculture, and sustainability. Students will gain proficiency with the leading open-source GIS platform, QGIS, and familiarity with commercial GIS software such as ArcGIS Pro.

Students learn about agronomy and recent advances in sustainable soil and crop management, and gain a lot of practical farming knowledge. Integrated perspectives on the physical, biological, and chemical aspects of soil management in the broader context of agroecosystems are explored. Soil and crop management practices and resulting interactions between soil, water, organisms, and organic and chemical inputs form the basis for discussions on diverse cropping systems, soil health, water quality and quantity, bioenergy, greenhouse gases, and sustainability.

This course introduces advanced concepts of remote sensing and numerical modeling, with hands-on experience in data acquisition, processing, and interpretation. This course aims to explore key questions facing the agronomic and natural eco-systems using remote sensing techniques and ecological modeling at various scales. It provides hands-on experience in remote sensing techniques and using datasets/tools and model simulations to address research questions.

The science of tree-fruit production with an emphasis on the agroecology and physiology of regionally important species. Topics include: site selection; orchard design; clonal rootstock and variety selection; nursery production and grafting, tree pruning and training; flowering and pollination; crop load management; water, nutrient, and soil management; fruit ripening, maturity, and storage; marketing and profitability; integrated pest management; orchard mechanization; and sustainable production practices. Students will synthesize and apply knowledge from a broad range of life sciences within the context of perennial crop agroecosystems. Orchard field trips and lab sessions will provide practical, hands-on experience. This course is designed for students interested in commercial tree-fruit production and/or pomology research, hobby fruit growers, and professional IPM consultants.

Integrated and interdisciplinary study of the processes that contribute to the growth, competition, and reproduction of plants. Topics include, but are not limited to, plant-water relations, membrane properties and processes, photosynthesis, plant respiration, mineral and organic nutrition, stress physiology, control of growth and development, and responses to the environment. Emphasis is on the relationship between structure and function from the molecular to the whole-plant level.

Introduction to current studies involving recombinant DNA technology and its application to the improvement of plants. Emphasizes genetic transformation methodology, gene expression systems, and strategies for increasing productivity.

Companion to Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering of Plants course with with laboratory activities that focus on the practice of plant biotechnology. Students construct transgenes using recombinant DNA methods, transfer genes to plants by a variety of approaches including tissue culture-based methods, assess the integration of transgenes in the host genome and analyze their expression by use of reporter gene assays and by preparing and analyzing nucleic acids. Students will also gain basic skills in bioinformatics.

Lectures integrate the principles of pest control, ecology, and economics in the management of pests across multiple systems. Labs consist of exercises to reinforce concepts presented in lecture and demonstrate pest monitoring techniques and the application of computer technology to management problems.

Descriptive course with equal emphasis on development and mature structure. Lecture, laboratory, and reading are integrated in a study guide. The laboratory offers the opportunity to develop the practical skills required to make anatomical diagnoses and to write anatomical descriptions.

Students will study the managed decomposition of organic matter. Through discussion and hands on activities, we will explore the basics of the composting process, nutrient cycling and recycling as well as methods used to teach these concepts to a wide variety of audiences. The main aim of this subject is for students to understand the underlying biology and chemistry of the composting process and the resulting environmental, health and economic benefits of recycling organic residuals in real world situations. Emphasis will be placed on the applied aspects of composting, empowering students to become leaders in the community on compost education. Students will also be expected to apply the lessons learned through volunteer work each week and participate in community events where composing education will occur.

Commercial vegetable production from variety selection to postharvest. Topics include crop physiology and culture, soil and pest management, stand establishment, marketing, and history of production. Term project required. Field trips to large-scale conventional, small, diversified, and organic farms are planned early in the semester.

Designed for undergraduate and graduate students interested in a comprehensive introduction to Soil Science from both an environmental and management perspective as well as graduate students who wish to advanced their understanding of the biogeochemical (biologic, hydrologic and mineral interfaces and linkages underpinning and controlling the soil, plant and atmospheric continuum. This course examines the dynamic relationship of soils with the environment and will place particular focus on both the larger landscape as well as site specific implications of this relationship. The course is flipped with online lectures, in-class homework, projects and activities as well as a weekly laboratory and is presented in three components.

Soil ecology is the study of soil organisms and their interactions with each other and with their environment. The outcomes of these interactions drive many soil processes, particularly the decomposition of organic matter and the cycling of important plant nutrient elements. Topics that will be covered in this course include the structure and function of the soil sub-system, soil as a habitat for microorganisms, the biology, ecology and diversity of soil organisms, physiological, biochemical and molecular methods for measuring microbial abundance, activity and diversity in soil, and the role of soil microbes in organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Readings include the textbook - Gentry et al. (2021) - and current research articles that will introduce students to ecological concepts and recent research methods in soil ecology. The optional laboratory section will focus on the effects of soil management on soil microbial communities using traditional and molecular methods for assessing the abundance, activity and diversity of soil organisms.

Symbiosis, the living together of unlike organisms, encompasses a spectrum of interactions ranging from mutually beneficial to reciprocally detrimental. We will examine a selection of ecologically important symbioses, including interactions of bacteria and fungi with plants, protists, invertebrates, and vertebrates, focusing on their ecological, physiological and molecular mechanisms. We will consider the evolutionary origins, and explore conditions required for the establishment and maintenance of these associations. We will discuss the role of symbioses in the assembly of ecological communities and agriculture. Lastly, we will examine the impact of global change on symbioses.

Organic agriculture is an increasingly important part of the food system. Students learn about the history of organic agriculture, the USDA National Organic Program, management practices used in organic crop and livestock production, and the scientific research on organic agriculture. Laboratory sessions complement lecture discussions with field trips to a variety of organic farms. Students read journal articles about organic agriculture, work through certification issues, and grow organic vegetable seedlings on campus.

This class is for students who are interested in receiving an overview of interpretive planning. Interpretation is a mission-based communication process that forges emotional and intellectual connections between the interests of the audience and meanings inherent in the resource. This theory-driven process can be applied to a wide variety of opportunities to communicate to the public. Professionals who apply this communication process develop interpretive materials for museums, science centers, historic sites, zoos, aquaria, botanic gardens, national and state parks and other cultural attractions. In this course, students will collaborate with staff at Cornell Botanic Gardens to create interpretive media including but not limited to signage, exhibits, written material, or self-guided tours.

Explores the history of public gardens, types of contemporary public gardens, and the operation of public gardens including botanical gardens and arboreta. Includes separate units on administration and business management of gardens, collections curatorship, collections design, educational programs, research, and management of landscapes and natural areas.

This course is geared towards graduate students and advanced biology undergraduates seeking a better understanding of computational biology. Lectures will be a combination of presentations, paper discussions and hands-on sessions. Labs and paper discussions will have a significant component of plant science, but students from non-plant fields are also encouraged to register. Students will learn to work in a Unix environment, code using Python/R, and deploy tools for genome assembly, RNA-seq data analysis, local and global sequence alignment, protein domain searching using Hidden Markov Models, phylogenetic reconstruction, metabolomic analysis, and machine learning. Lectures will cover the algorithmic concepts underlying popular tools. The students will also learn practical aspects of implementing these tools in their own research using facilities available at Cornell.

The co-evolutionary molecular battle between microbial pathogens and plants has game-like properties whose rules are emerging from recent genomic, biochemical, and cell biological advances. This course explores the molecular pieces and collective behaviors of pathogen virulence and plant immune systems, similarities between interaction mechanisms in plant and animal pathosystems, and the application of this knowledge to sustainable agriculture. The course emphasizes the development of professional skills, such as the management of scientific literature, creative design and critical evaluation of research, and communication of complex scientific concepts to diverse audiences.

Crop ecology is the integrative study of biological, physical, social, and technological factors that govern the emergent properties arising from cropping systems at different spatial and temporal scales. It implicitly recognizes that achieving the goals for multi-functional (i.e. 'sustainable') agriculture cannot be achieved without understanding the functional interdependencies among these factors. This course serves as a graduate-level synthesis of 1) how crop and crop communities are influenced by the physical and chemical growth environment, 2) how the growth environment is modified by agronomy and, in turn, 3) how production processes are shaped by both managed and unmanaged factors. Readings and class discussions of key concepts compose the first half of the course, with the hands-on application of systems analysis tools emphasized in the second half.

Plant propagation, the multiplication of plants, is both a science and an art. This class will introduce the principles, practices and techniques of sexual and asexual propagation of horticultural plants. Emphasis is placed on learning the techniques that are involved with the many aspects of plant propagation as well as the science behind the methods. The art of plant propagation will be learned through hands-on experiences with seed propagation, cutting propagation, grafting & budding systems, layering, specialized plant structures (bulbs, corms, etc.), and tissue culture for micropropagation. In addition, propagation media, greenhouse environmental control and management, and plant care, as they relate to propagation, will be emphasized. The science behind the methods that are learned will be explained in order to develop a better understanding of plant propagation and how to make it successful. This knowledge base and the practical, hands-on experiences will give students the ability to better solve problems that arise during the propagation and growth of plants.

Genetic enhancement of crop value to humans began with domestication and continues with farmers' variety development and scientifically trained plant breeders' applications of Mendelian, quantitative, and molecular genetics. This course examines crop genetic improvement methods by discussing the history and current practice of plant breeding, tools available to breeders, decision-making about breeding objectives and methods, and the roles of plant breeding in addressing global challenges including climate change, sustainability, equity, food security, and malnutrition.

Crop genetic diversity is critical for the sustainability, productivity, and resilience of agriculture and food systems. Crop diversity can be measured from the cellular to the landscape scale. Crop diversity relates not only to genetics, ecology, and agricultural management, but also policy, economics, ethics, and culture. This class explores these complex interactions and discusses tools used to evaluate, manage, and conserve crop diversity.

The nutrients in human diets are ultimately derived from plants. However, the edible portions of the world's most extensively grown staple food crops are poor sources for numerous micronutrients and health-promoting compounds that are essential for sustaining and enhancing life. The improvement of crop nutritional quality through breeding, termed biofortification, is a sustainable strategy being used to address micronutrient deficiences worldwide. This course covers recent progress on crop nutritional quality trait improvement. The lectures will focus on vitamins, minerals, prebiotics, phytonutrients, essential amino acids, and fatty acids in the context of better human nutrition and health.

Field trips to plant breeding programs involve discussion of breeding methods used, overall goals, selection and screening techniques, and variety and germplasm release. Additional labs include selection techniques for various traits, intellectual property issues, genetically modified crops, and international agriculture. For a term project, each student designs a comprehensive breeding program on a chosen crop.

Perennial crops are critical components of sustainable farming systems, and have many environmental benefits including increased biodiversity, water quality, soil conservation, carbon sequestration, productivity, and resilience. Due to the biology of these species, plant breeders seeking to develop perennial crop cultivars face a unique set of challenges and opportunities. This course examines a wide range of perennial crop breeding programs and discusses tools available to breeders, decision-making in perennial crop breeding programs, and opportunities for plant breeding to enhance sustainability and perenniality in cropping systems.

In-depth, practical exposure to applied crop breeding. Students participate in the department's maize, small grains, potato, pepper, squash, forage, tomato, and onion breeding programs to gain hands-on experience in the planning and implementation of crossing, planting, harvesting, selecting, and evaluating disease and quality traits.

Abiotic stresses including drought, temperature extremes, flooding, salinity, and toxic metals limit crop productivity, particularly in developing countries where people are resource-poor and have limited options. Anticipated global climate changes are expected to exacerbate the impact of stresses even further. Therefore, knowledge of stress response mechanisms is urgently needed for developing novel molecular breeding and genomics approaches for generating plants and management systems that will improve performance in hostile environmental conditions. This course explores the molecular, physiological, developmental and morphological characteristics that plants use to adapt to environmental stresses. Emphases are placed on stresses associated with global climate change including drought, flooding, extreme temperatures, salt, and environmental pollution. The course will also discuss strategies for improving stress tolerance in crops. Graduate students will have assignments for in-depth learning of each topic. Examination questions will differ for graduate students to evaluate assigned material. Graduate students will write a paper for one of the topics and present it in class.

Cover crops are not harvested, but rather they are planted to protect soil and provide other benefits. Use of cover crops has increased dramatically as more people understand their value. In this course, students will 1) explore the management, environmental, economic, and social considerations of cover crops across a diversity of agricultural production systems; 2) grow cover crops, measure benefits and trade-offs, and apply knowledge to make management and policy recommendations; and 3) interact with and learn from faculty and students across multiple states through virtual synchronous meetings.

Examines plant ecological principles governing weed population dynamics and weed-crop competitive interactions in crop and non-crop ecosystems. Development of sustainable weed management strategies.

Principles and practical applications of selected laboratory methods in the plant and environmental sciences. Emphasizes enhancement of laboratory technique and problem-solving skills. Discusses suitability of various procedures for measuring important plant and soil components. Analytical techniques are chosen from elemental analysis by combustion or flow analysis, gas chromatography, HPLC, electrophoresis, electrochemical assays, enzyme assays, bioassays, and mass spectrometry.

This course explores the theory and practice of participatory research approaches in agriculture, with an emphasis on plant science research. We will cover the theoretical and historical roots of participatory research in agriculture and learn from case studies and projects where participatory research approaches have been used. With a focus on active and applied learning, the course will include field visits to local communities throughout the semester. Students will engage in critical analysis of projects they identify using their course learning, as well as practicing conceptualizing a participatory research project in collaboration with community partners.

A comparative analysis of the developmental-genetic mechanisms contributing to the evolution of plant morphological structure and diversity.

This course explores how global crop improvement processes and outcomes can address social inequalities from design to implementation and impact. It covers a broad range of topics, offering perspective on how systematic social inequalities shape whose priorities are served by crop improvement programs locally, and globally. Drawing from theory and methodology across diverse disciplines, this course encourages students to critically analyze mainstream crop improvement paradigms with an equity lens, and design more inclusive alternatives.

This hands-on class trains graduate students on integrating data with models via data-model fusion to address scientific questions in research. Students will learn about modeling and the nature of data by integrating their own data with relevant models. Students will identify appropriate data to constrain their own models using various techniques, e.g., data assimilation and machine learning, in data-model fusion.

Fungi are one of the major lineages of eukaryotes and the sister group of animals. We will consider evolutionary relationships among different groups of fungi, their ecology and significance to humans. We will explore fungal lifestyles, their reproduction, and the ways that fungi use to communicate with each other and with their symbiotic partners. In addition to true fungi, we will study several distantly related groups of organisms that share with fungi absorptive nutrition, filamentous somatic structures, and spore-based reproduction. We will reconstruct fungal phylogenies using molecular evolution methods. We will also isolate fungi from the environment and identify them using morphological and molecular approaches.

Fungi play a vital role in our ecosystem and are responsible for devastating crop infestations that threaten global food supplies and diseases that result in the death of hundreds of thousands of individuals each year. This course explores fungal biology through the lens of molecular genetics and genomics, including epigenetics, genome defense mechanisms, metabolism, and signaling pathways. We will cover the use of genetic tools in fungi ranging from classical genetics to CRISPR to high-throughput sequencing. This course will also teach skills necessary to analyze genetic and genomic data using Python and publicly available sequencing analysis software. No prior coding experience is necessary. The course will emphasize the development of professional skills, such as critically reading and reviewing scientific literature, experimental design, scientific communication, and data analysis.

Includes selected experiments on gene expression, biolistic transformation, confocal microscopy, laser capture microdissection, microarray analysis, genetic mapping and mutant analysis, transposon tagging, proteomics, and metabolite analysis.

Plants provide almost all essential minerals for humans and therefore plants are critical components of the human diet. Plant biologists address challenges of meeting the nutritional needs of the increasing world's population by studying plants' ability to uptake, translocate and accumulate mineral nutrients in edible tissues. By integrating basic plant biology with molecular breeding and genomics approaches, fundamental discoveries are utilized to have the greatest impact on solving biofortification of plant-based foods. This team-taught course explores the mechanisms of acquisition of mineral nutrients from the soil, translocation and accumulation in plant tissues, strategies to prevent mineral element deficiencies while avoiding their overload, and toxicity of noxious metals. Selected lectures focus on the relation between the nutrient status of plants and human nutrition and health. Graduate students will have assignments for in-depth learning of each topic. Examination questions will differ for graduate students to evaluate assigned material. Graduate students will write a paper for one of the topics and present it in class.

This class examines how urban plants affect public health (e.g., air pollution reduction, temperature regulation, etc.). We will also explore the causes and health consequences of variation in urban plant composition, environmental justice perspectives, the effects of policies and management approaches, and the impacts of climate change.

In-depth analysis and discussion of current scientific literature focused on the genetics, genomics, cell and molecular biology, and evolution of fungi.

We will be studying the physiology of perennial fruit crop production with an emphasis on the biochemical and genetic mechanisms by which fruit crops function and interact with the environment. The class focuses on temperate fruit trees, grapevines, and small-fruits that are commercially grown in the Northeastern U.S., but other species will be highlighted on occasion. Topics include: flower development, pollination and fertilization, cold hardiness, fruit set and growth, plant growth regulators, carbon acquisition and partitioning, soil-root interactions, mineral nutrition, and water transport. Additionally, we will highlight critical challenges to fruit crop production, such as climate change and soil degradation. Course readings will largely come from journal articles. Students will lead and participate in discussions, write a review article, and learn how to evaluate scientific journal articles.

Study of the evolution, breeding history, and physiology of strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, blueberries, and other minor small fruit crops and of cultural practices that influence productivity, fruit quality, and pest damage. Also considers marketing and economics and discusses alternate production practices for both commercial and home gardeners. Frequent field trips enhance classroom activities.

Uses evidence from microscopy, physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology to try to unravel the mystery of the living cell. Studies the dynamics of protoplasm, membranes, and the various organelles. The mechanisms of cell growth and division, the relationship of the cytoskeleton to cell shape and motility, the interaction of the cell with its environment, and the processes that give rise to multicellular differentiated plants are investigated.

Study of the biological processes controlling physical and chemical changes in harvested yet living horticultural crops or their parts. Discusses the theoretical principles and fundamental processes underlying these changes. Also covers strategies and practical handling requirements/conditions for storage, transportation, and quality monitoring of harvested horticultural crops.

Students learn the principles of mineral nutrient function in crop and landscape plants, are able to diagnose deficiencies by symptoms and tissue tests, and can devise organic and conventional nutrient management schemes that maximize productivity and mineral nutrient quality.

Series of selected topics to provide a background in plant evolution, paleobotanical literature, and evolutionary theory. Among the topics discussed are: the origin of a terrestrial flora, the evolution of the seed plants, and the origin and adaptive radiation of the angiosperms.

For graduate students and advanced undergraduates with a special interest in diagnosing plant diseases. Students work in the Diagnostic Laboratory (section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology) under supervision of the diagnostician.

Focuses on biochemistry of plant specific processes, with the aim to obtain an integrative overview of plant biochemistry. Examples include processes such as cell wall biochemistry, pigment biosynthesis and degradation, secondary metabolism, senescence, defense mechanisms, amino acid biosynthesis, and small molecule transport. Genomics-based experimental tools such as proteomics and metabolomics are discussed.

Covers weathering, reactions, and processes of soil genesis; principles of soil classification and the rationale and use of soil taxonomy; development and significance of major groups of soils of the world.

Microbial interactions with plant roots strongly affect plant productivity. Mutualisms, such as root nodule bacteria and mycorrhizae; deleterious interactions, such as pathogenesis and herbivory; and the importance of microbial activity in the rhizosphere are among the topics discussed. Course activities are aimed at helping students improve their professional practice within the content area.

This course provides an understanding of soil chemical properties and processes. A detailed examination of the structure and surface chemistry of mineral and organic colloidal particles important to the function of soils is provided. The course also emphasizes reactions that occur at the solid-solution interface (e.g., ion exchange, chemical and physical adsorption), mineral-solution equilibria, soil acidity, and redox reactions in soils. Thermodynamic and kinetic principles are used to model and conceptualize soil chemical processes. The objective is to explain the fundamental role of these soil chemical properties and processes to terrestrial systems, both agricultural and natural ecosystems.

Building on knowledge of basic physico-chemical and microbial nutrient and carbon transformations in soil, we will examine the pathways of carbon and nutrients in ecosystems from the rhizosphere to the landscape level. An important aspect will be the understanding of environmental impacts by agriculture, forestry and agroforestry and the development of sustainable landus systems. We will explore various tracer methods for the study of carbon and nutrient cycling including stable and radio-isotopes as well as rare elements and biomarkers. You will expand you knowledge in discussion groups and through presentations and work in-depth on a project which involves both field and laboratory experimentation. The results of the project will be presented in a poster conference.

Analysis of the ecological processes operating in agricultural systems, with an emphasis on understanding relationships between agroecosystem structure and function and interactions among organisms. Examines agroecological theory and research through readings and discussions. The first part of this course emphasizes understanding biogeochemical processes, population and community ecology with emphasis on plant-herbivore and plant-microbial interactions, and evolutionary processes in agroecosystems. The latter part focuses on the application of ecological knowledge to the design and management of multifunctional agroecosystems and comparative analysis of frameworks used to assess sustainability. Field trips to local farms and case studies from both the tropics and the temperate zone are used to illustrate important concepts.

Weekly graduate student seminar series. Guests with an interest in plant pathology research are welcome to attend. Classes meet simultaneously in Geneva and Ithaca and are linked by teleconference.

This course is the first of a two-semester sequence (with PLSCI 6841) which together provide a broad overview of concepts related to the study of plant molecular biology. It is intended to bring first-year graduate students in plant molecular biology to a common background in genetics, biochemistry and phylogenetics.

This course is broken into three sections focusing on plant anatomy, cell biology, and development. In each section, we will discuss our current understanding of the key concepts, talk about some of the remaining open questions, and describe the techniques used in research to address these questions. Topics covered will include: cell versus organismic theory, meristems, organs, anatomical evolution, the cytoskeleton, cell wall, cell growth, cell division, advanced microscopy, subcellular trafficking, cell differentiation, pattern formation, intercellular signaling, and plant hormones.

Genetically modified (GM) crops have been a hot topic with controversy. One of the major concerns is on the GM crops' safety when served as our food or food ingredients. The objective of this one-credit course is to discuss the principles and nature of crop genetic engineering vs. conventional plant breeding, and to show case studies of genetically engineered food crops with emphases on how they are generated, how the nutritional values are improved, and how to detect or examine if one's food may be genetically engineered or may contain GM crop-derived ingredients. This is a middle-level course that emphasizes the science-based principles and practices. An understanding of the basic biological processes involved in GM crops-related food will help students to rationally deal with GMO food and related issues.

The School of Integrative Plant Science offers graduate-level trial courses under this number. Offerings vary by semester and are advertised by the school before the semester starts. Courses offered under the number will be approved by the Plant Sciences Curriculum Committees, and the same course is not offered more than twice under this number.

Weekly seminars on selected topics in plant biology, plant breeding and genetics, plant pathology and plant-microbe biology, horticulture, and soil and crop science, as presented by faculty, graduate students and guest speakers. Students will have opportunities to be exposed to advances in plant science disciplines, learn how scientific data are collected, analyzed and presented, network with speakers, and engage in dialog about research, extension and teaching topics.

Emphasizes critical discussion and evaluation of selected benchmark papers and current literature. Reviews and discusses conventional and molecular selection techniques and breeding objectives, methods, and strategies for both self- and cross-pollinated crops. Requires extensive outside reading. Grades are based on four papers demonstrating creative thinking and analysis of plant breeding concepts.

This course will provide students with a solid foundation in quantitative genetics theory, as applied to the field of plant and animal breeding, introduce students to modern-day modeling approaches, simulation tools and applications of genomic selection. While the methodologies of plant and animal breeding are distinct in many ways, the core principles are the same, and this course will cover topics in a way that is inclusive of animal breeding applications.

This course will provide a comprehensive introduction to experimental designs that are commonly used in plant science and provide participants with the practical coding skills necessary to analyze data from such designs. This basic knowledge will be extended to accommodate high-dimensional data generated by modern 'omics techniques. This course will provide a foundational introduction of experimental designs and statistical analyses to guide independent research and avoid mistakes that are often made by new scientists. While this course will cover a wide range of topics, it is by no means an exhaustive coverage of experimental design and statistics. Students are strongly encouraged to complement the foundational knowledge learned in this course with classes on advanced statistical methods and/or experimental design.

Introduction to the research literature in plant biology through weekly problem sets and discussions.

The goal of this journal-club course is to review historic and current literature related to the application of quantitative genetics in modern biology and its application in plant breeding. The format of the course will be a discussion of two landmark papers per session, each presented by a student and guided by study questions. The topics to be discussed include: advances in genomic technologies and their impact on the study of simple and complex traits, quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, linkage disequilibrium and Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS), impacts of population structure and genetic architecture on genetic modeling decisions and breeding strategies, long term versus short term genetic gain and extracting signal from noisy data.

After the first year, students present one seminar per year on their thesis research and then meet with their thesis committee members for evaluation. First-year students only attend the seminar series; they do not present. Second-year students give a 25-minute seminar, while students in their third and higher years present a 50-minute seminar.

Students in this class read and discuss recently published papers in plant molecular biology. A faculty member from the Plant Biology Section in the School of Integrative Plant Science will assign the reading material and facilitate student discussions. To enable in-depth review and discussion, the literature reading in each semester will have a common theme, which will generally be based on the research interests and expertise of the faculty mentor.

Designed to give graduate students teaching experience through involvement in planning and teaching courses under the supervision of SIPS faculty members. May include leading discussion sections; preparing, assisting in, or teaching lectures and laboratories; and tutoring.